The Ring of Shame Essay Example

The Ring of Shame Essay â€Å"Ye have both been here before, but I was not with you. Come hither once again, and we will stand all three together! † In his feeble attempts to make public his hidden shame, Reverend Dimmesdale attempts to include himself in the infinite ring of ignominy that he, Hester, and Pearl have inevitably been trapped in. With this theme in mind, Nathaniel Hawthorne, in his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter, uses the characters of Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Peal to illuminate the them of isolation coupled wit the destruction of The fabric â€Å"A† that Hester must wear sets her apart from everyone in the colony. It is firmly and magnificently placed up her clothing but it also has been sewn into her heart. â€Å"Not a stitch in that embroidered letter, but she has felt it in her heart. † Hester’s â€Å"A† causes others to disassociate themselves with her, but her heart cause her to disassociate with others. Hester placed herself in isolation because of both the guilt in her heart and the heinous acts of others. As Hester’s shame and guilt is shown for all to see, Dimmesdale’s hidden guilt prevents him from forming intimate social relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ring of Shame specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ring of Shame specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ring of Shame specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to have an intimate relationship, one must open his or herself up to the other party. Dimmesdale is not able to do this, because he fears the result that might come if he tells any soul about his sin. He is forced to keep his problems concealed. Because of his confinement and hidden secrets he has made himself ill. â€Å"The physician advanced directly in front of his patient, laid his hand upon his bosom, and thrust aside the vestment, that, hitherto, had always covered it. Pearl represents the third ring of ignominy in this story. Pearl was born an outcast of the infantile world. † This holds true because Pearl was the daughter of Hester, the town adulteress. The other children ken this and persecuted Pearl for her mother’s sin, which hindered her from developing relationships with other children and people in general. Pearl also isolates herself from other people because of her florid temper and devilish qualities. People fear Pearl for her outrageous behavi or, her knack to uncover the truth in some of the things she sees, and her knowledge and understanding she has for her young age. Ye have both been here before, but I was not with you. Come up hither once again, and we will stand all three together! † Arthur Dimmesdale, Hester Prynne, and little Pearl all struggle with their own torments, yet are all three related in the root of their struggles and in isolation. Nathaniel Hawthorn, in his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter, uses the characters of Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Pearl to illuminate the theme of isolation. The isolation of all three derived as a result of sin, and all three must live with the consequences whether deserved or not. Hester, Pearl and most importantly, Arthur Dimmesdale, all find themselves fuelled by this underlining feeling of ignominy. It’s sets them all apart for the rest of the colony, but also brings them together. For Hester, her shame is presented to the whole colony. While Arthur Dimmesdale hides his under his vest, but does this provide him with any comfort. In the midst of all this, lies a child who innocently came into a world where friendships were doomed impossible. All three on a scaffold. All three in the ring of ignominy.

Gross Domestic Product The WritePass Journal

Gross Domestic Product References Gross Domestic Product IntroductionGross domestic income (G.D.P)GNH(growth national happiness)DIFFEERENCEPROBLEMS OF MESURING G.D.PG.D.P DOESNOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTIONG.D.P measures divorce, crime, and natural disaster as economical gainGDP INCREASES WITH POLLUTING ACTIVITIESPROBLEMS OF MESURING G.N.HReferencesRelated Introduction Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given length of time. It is usually used to indicate countries standard of leaving. Simon Kuznets a n American economic researcher , who has pointed out that there is more to life than money, has been focusing on â€Å"gross national happiness â€Å"another way of indicating countries standard of leaving. But this time it is by measuring the change in our standard of living and by our quality of life instead of how much money we pocketed in a given period of time. The concept of gross national happiness or (GNH )was developed in an attempt to define an indicator that measures quality life or social progress in more holistic and physychological terms than gross domestic product .This idea has been   followed from the upper echelons of Barack Obama to the prim minister of united Kingdome David Cameron   the goal of measuring nations well being has been a major goal of this policy makers .They join the trend setter the Kingdome of Bhutan a Himalayan mountain country located in south Asia between republic of India and people republic of china . Gross domestic income (G.D.P) Product or output approach, income approach and expenditure approach have been used to determine GDP.   Because of summing up the output of every product enterprise to come to the total the product approach has been the most direct of the three approaches. On the other hand the income approach principle says income of producers must be equal to the value of their product and it determines gross domestic income by finding the sum of all producers’ income. Expenditure approach uses a principle that all of the product must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to peoples’ expenditure in buying things. GNH(growth national happiness) GNH (gross national happiness) was introduced to measure quality of life in a nation. The term was initiated in 1972 by Bhutan’s former king jigme   singyewangchuch, who lead Bhutan into modernization. but under the leadership of karma Ura ,it developed a sophisticated survey instrument .This survey instrument measures the general wellbeing of the Bhutan nation. The instrument was invented with collaboration with the Canadian health epidemiologist Michael pennoke.like many psychological and social indicators,GNH is somewhat easier to state than to define with mathematical precision.(WIKIWIKI) DIFFEERENCE The difference between the two is, G.D.P is based on how the country is pocketing money and how each year they are growing or going down financial wise .but gross national happiness indicate or measure national well being, by measuring this they will know how happy the nation is. Measuring national happiness is used to help the government understand â€Å"with evidence â€Å"the best way of improving peoples well being (David Cameron). By measuring how happy the nation is .But on the other hand G.D.P measure countries economical performance. G.D.P measures quantitative measures not qualitative like G.N.H.  Ã‚   G.D.P takes no account of the distribution of income and includes no moral judgments about the worth of the activity performed Money is the most common medium of exchange in the modern world .modern nation compares their wealth with the amount of money they accumulate. Money can buy you just about anything in this modern age.   Many big nations like the United Kingdom and the United States of America measure their economic wealth by G.D.P or gross domestic product. But this countries are realising there is more to life than money, they are considering   measuring national wellbeing or gross national happiness (G.N.H) to measure how happy there nation is, the first nation that measured G.N.H is the country of Bhutan. Bhutan’s does not idolise money as the rest of the world does. They do not have as many material possessions as the people of the united Kingdome or of the United States. There for money does not have a major usage. Its seems like people in the united Kingdome tend to need money to be happy in life,(give good example from the hand out?)The people of Bhutan do not need money or wealth to be happy. Families in the western society are straggling to feed and maintain necessity needs in the house. Parents have to be working full time to pay for food, gas, internet, electricity, transport   .it can be any kind of transport it can be a car, for example when owning a car there are cost that comes with it like paying for road tax insurance and petrol. it can also   be a   train, there is cost that comes with it like paying monthly or weekly or   daily travel card but in the country of Bhutan the means   of transport is,   use mule back or horse back to move from place to place which is cost less. Some of these expenses are not necessity in the country of Bhutan like the internet. There life is not based on technology they don’t need the internet to live there life but on the other hand UK families need internet to lead there day to day life ,the kids at home needs internet to do there course work the the father and mother needs it to pay bills and for work purpose   .This had mounted the expense of the UK and most western families expenses.† the more money you got the   more expense u will have â€Å"the stress level in western world is highly elevated ,as opposed to the stress level of families of Bhutan. Bhutanese families spend time together as they usually work together in their farm or at home. There life style tends to be togetherness. Therefore giving Bhutanese a good quality time with their family. Which also avoid loneliness or spending time worrying .Bhutan’s work as a family which means they chain of delegation is from a family member? Which makes their jobs easier, they don’t have a boss ordering them or giving them dead line to finish a task or a work time keeper who cheeks time when they come late to work them gives them a final warning. This in itself can avoid work related stress .stress at work is a major issue in the united kingdom according to the BBC news, stress at work makes men ill. † Bhutanese people have much less money than Britons but they seem to be happier because they don’t have any use for money. The trade in Bhutan deals with animals or foods, or handcrafted articles of clothing or weaponry .In the UK everything or every transaction requires the use of money in one way or the other .G.D.P is very important in a country like the united Kingdome .because economies change very rapidly from positive to negative and vice versa .but the economies of country like Bhutans is so small. There for makes G.D.P measurement harder. Growth national happiness in Bhutan seems to work for them than growth domestic product. Becouse people don’t use money; they have more opportunity to be happy with what they owned . PROBLEMS OF MESURING G.D.P DOUBLECOUNTING     There are lots of problems in measuring G.D.P, one of the problems in measuring G.D.P is errors and omission, and this is a problem in calculating and collecting the statistics of nation. This problem arises because people hide their incomes and firms hide their expenditure to avoid taxation. as   a result of this there will be another economical nation called the black economy in one country, (Akemed 2001 ) also suggest that it is   known as â€Å"rag gun†. Another way in which double counting can occur is through stock appreciation. The increase in inflation which will also increase the stock value, even though this adds firms a profit; it represents no increase in real income .gain such as this must be deducted from the income figure. G.D.P DOESNOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION By trying to avoid distribution of income, G.D.P hides the fact that rising tide dos note lift all boats. from the early ninety seventieth till mid ninetieth G.D.P rose by staggering 50% were by wages suffered a massive fall of 14 % ,in the start of ninety eighty one alone the upper   5% of households increased their real income by almost   20% yet the G.D.P present   this massive gain at the top as a bounty to all.   In 2006 Richard Layard an economist from LSE argued unhappiness is a bigger problem than unemployment in the United Kingdom. This shows people are more concerned about their happiness and well being than there income. There for measuring peoples income is useless, because people are not concerned about what they get paid they are more concerned about their happiness and well being .more people are claiming incapacity benefits because of depression and other mental disorder. So policy makers need to take into accounts such factors, And change the way we calculate the countries growth.(THE ECONOMIST NOVEMBER 27Th 2010 edition page 86). G.D.P measures divorce, crime, and natural disaster as economical gain As G.D.P records every monetary transaction as a positive one the cost of social problem in natural disaster are classified as economical advance. Divorce adds billion pounds through legal expenses, crime ads billions to the UK GDP due the need for security measures increasing police protection and medical cost. Hurricane Andrew was disastrous for southern Florida, but GDP has recorded it as a boom to the US economy pocketing well over 15billion dollars. ( Clifford W. Cobb and John B. Cobb, Jr. 1994:12 ) GDP INCREASES WITH POLLUTING ACTIVITIES Highly funded cleanup of toxic sites is slated to cost billions of pounds over the next three years. This will also increase up the GDP, the growth domestic product first added the economic activity or economic boom in industries and manufacturing to generate the pollution. It creates illusion that pollution is double economical benefits. This is how Exxon Valdez oil spill led to the increase of GDP. This shows that GDP measures quantitatively, it includes no moral judgment about the activity performed to increase the economy. More to this the clean up on nuclear accident like of the Fukushima in Japan will add to GDP in the same way of production of solar power.   When oil is found in one country it is sold to the consumers it is counted as an additional to the country’s wealth rather than loose or depletion of the country’s resource. PROBLEMS OF MESURING G.N.H On the other hand growth national happiness also has its down falls, GNH is rather complementary than a real substitute of G.D.P. Our business environment needs highly tangible indices like G.D.P in order to assess its market. As Mr. Cameron said it â€Å"you cannot capture happiness on a spreadsheet any more than you can bottle it†. Critics say that international comparison of well-being will be difficult on this model; proponents maintain that each country can define its own measure of GNH as it chooses, and that comparisons over time between nations will have validity .Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. Some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals. In the case of Bhutan (BBC news 2003) shows that the government expelled about one hundred thousand people and stripped them of their Bhutanese citizenship on the grounds that the deportees were ethnic Nepalese who had settled in the country illegally. While this would reduce Bhutans wealth by most traditional measures such as GDP, the Bhutan government claims it has not reduced Bhutans GNH .growth national happiness is hard to measure and it has its own conciseness .because happiness is not definable its hard to put on a spread sheet, unless everyone is brain scanned. So it requires lots of time and money. Major problems with measuring happiness are that, it is composed of other elements to. In crude mathematics it will be defined as H=R-E.in short it means the lower peoples expectation are the happier they are, on the other hand the   higher peoples expectation are the less happy they are. Most people think happiness is not measurable, it’s too abstract, too subjective, too hard to quantify by asking people how satisfy they are with their life on a scale of one to ten, on doing so this will not give accurate answer for measuring happiness. The other alternative is to focus in particular set of events and ask what feeling do people   show as the day goes on or â€Å"   day reconstruction method or DRM† which is produce by researchers including Norbert   Schwarz   a physiologist and the economist Alan Krueger   ex chief economist of the us treasury and another noble prize winner physiologist Daniel k . ‘The alternative approach to measure happiness by recalling episode by episode of previous day event and the most highlighted part of feeling   like stress , peace, exhaustion elation. Inshore this approach measures mood and life satisfaction and these two concepts are quite different ways to think about happiness. ‘  Ã‚  Ã‚   a survey measuring woman in America in France found that the Americans were twice likely to say they were very satisfied and happy with their lives but on the other hand the French women spent more of their day in a good mood.   â€Å"We have tended for too long to use a single ward to refer to wide Varity of things† says professor kahanman.   There is a real need to distinguish between life satisfaction and mood or experienced happiness. They are quite distinct and they have different causes and consequences. So this has led happiness hard to measure because of all consequences that come with it therefore GNH can be a problem to meas ure success of a country because of the low accuracy level. A country cannot measure its success on inaccurate results. References (1). thinkingeurope.eu/content.php?hmID=20smID=34ssmID=196  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Accessed on 9 Mar11) (2) scribd.com/doc/2977226/Economics-Gross-Domestic-Product-vs-Gross-National-Happiness used it   for the difference on 23 march (3)BBC (2006) stress at work makes men at work ill(on line) available from   http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5059278.stm 4 THE GREEN NATIONAL PRODUCT: A Proposed Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare; Clifford W. Cobb and John B. Cobb, Jr; University Press of America, 1994 ISBN 0-8191-9322-4) 5) BBC(2003) butan refugees on hunger strike(on line) available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2774803.stm

Benefits of green tea on oral health Research Paper - 1

Benefits of green tea on oral health - Research Paper Example These illnesses included periodontitis, gingivitis, as well as dental trauma, for example, oral cysts, subluxation, and after wisdom tooth removal. Oral health is a determining element for quality life, vital for healthiness, and a vital part of over-all health. In the European Union, the socio-economic obligation of oral illnesses is substantial: they affect a greater part of school-aged kids and grown-ups, and make up 5 percent of public health expenditure (Cho, Oh & Oh 357). Costs of established curative cure have escalated from 54 billion pounds in 2000 to 79 billion pounds in 2012, plus are projected to increase up to 93 bn pounds by 2020. Therapy expenditure surpasses that of other illnesses, including heart disease, cancer, dementia as well as stroke. This is alarming, since most of dental diseases burden is avertible (Pavel & Pave 104). A variety of health disorders is linked with oral ailment. Poorly regulated diabetes ailment is a well-recognized risk cause for fostering periodontal failure and latest research displays how protracted gum diseases may increase diabetic impediments (Erridge, Cox & Dixon 152). Gum ailments are also linked with coronary heart syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and adversative pregnancy outcomes. Oral illnesses are easily avoidable by healthy nutrition, consistent dental check-ups as well as routine personal dental hygiene habits, including re-current oral check-ups, the usage of mouthwashes and toothpastes with fluoride, inter-dental washing, and chewingno-sugar chewing gum while traveling. Frequent fluoride exposure, consistent brushing, a nutritious diet as well as routine dental care all add to enhanced oral health results and a decrease in oral healthiness inequities (Pham-Huy, Pham-Huy & He 12). In revelation of this, attempting to expose the full capacity of oral inhibition appears to be an extremely encouraging policy method to decrease the considerable costs and burden of oral

I believe that smile can bridge the gap between people Essay

I believe that smile can bridge the gap between people - Essay Example A smile is a healthy facial expression which displays happiness and I believe that it can function towards bringing people closer together and also in bridging the gap between people. The personal event that comes to my mind with this statement is a fight that I had with a very close friend of mine which lasted for days. The issue would have stayed the same and unresolved had I not let go of my harsh feelings and smiled towards my friend. I have assessed the fact that a person can use his lips to worsen relationships by using a harsh tone and being rude but a smile on these lips can do the opposite and work towards connecting people and bringing them closer together. My personal experience has made my belief stronger that a smile can serve to heal scarred relationships and it can help in forming bonds between people. My patch up with one of my closest friends after a fight gave me a strong impression that a smile can do wonders and can help in solving strained relationships. I was ve ry close to one of my neighbors and we stayed in the same neighborhood for years. She was a very close acquaintance of mine and I never hesitated in sharing my thoughts and opinions with her. We shared a strong bond of friendship and helped each other in difficult times. Not only this, we studied in the same school as young children and this brought us closer. We both knew about each other’s weaknesses and strong points and we supported each other at every point where one of us about to fail. She moved from my neighborhood and we joined different schools as well but we still enjoyed the same level of friendship. But things changed when I had a different circle of friends and so did she. We started spending lesser time together and this lack of communication brought many misunderstandings. It reached a point where we had so many problems with each other that we barely talked. Despite of these issues, I still remembered the good times that I had spent with her and I realized th at she had been a very close aide who had been with me in my times of happiness as well as sorrow. I wished that we would be together again but I did not see the possibility. One day while I was outside in the neighborhood for a walk in the evening, I saw my friend over there as well. She was there to visit her aunt. As soon as we shared looks, I could not help but smile at seeing her after such a long time. She had a very stern expression on her face but after she saw me smiling, she shared the smile and I walked towards her. If I had been like her and ignored her at that time, I do not think that we would ever have been able to get over with our problems. This event totally made me believe that a smile can build relationships and help in correcting strained relationships. A smile is one of the very powerful expressions which can do wonders and help in bridging the gap between people. It is a form of expressing happiness. I believe it is a wonderful way of overcoming problems in re lationships and it can help in bringing together separated friends and family members. It works more than words and presents the welcoming nature of an individual. The personal event of my life strengthened my views with regard to smiling and it taught me the importance of this expression and how it actually works as a healer. If a person cannot express his feelings

Spy Virus Linked to Israel Targeted Hotels Article

Spy Virus Linked to Israel Targeted Hotels - Article Example Moreover, Israeli has previously targeted events attended by prominent world leaders, and the fact that the virus was also in computers utilized in the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Nazi death camp confirmed the suspicion that Israeli was behind the cyber attack. Even so, the degree of sophistication of the virus has made it difficult for security experts to determine what kind of information the hackers stole. In fact, security experts estimate that it could take ten adept computer scientists â€Å"more than two years to build such a clean copycat† (Entous and Yadron, 2015). Overall, Kaspersky is relentlessly attempting to study the manner in which this sophisticated virus works before embarking on a mission to establish powerful antivirus programs to protect customers from cyber security vulnerability. Cyber criminality has been around for a long time. However, what is striking is that hackers are taking their ‘game’ to a completely new level. Hac kers have come to learn that by targeting security companies, they can learn quite a great deal about internet defenses. For instance, Kaspersky was a victim to the attack since the Israeli had a hint that Kaspersky antivirus programs protected the networks and computers in the target hotels. Following a successful attack on Kaspersky, it would be easy for the hackers to spy on their desired information. Verdonck (2015) affirms that hackers target the most vulnerable links in the company, who are the people. Kaspersky was no exception.

The Importance Of Pre-Modern Society

The Importance Of Pre-Modern Society Human history can be divided into three phases: pre-modern, modern and post modern. There is no definite beginning or end to each of these phases; rather they merge into one another, as not all societies moved forward at the same time. Although most industrialised countries are now considered post modern, a large proportion of the Third World remains modern or in some cases pre- modern. Pre- Modern is the period in society which came prior to Modernity, which began in Europe after the introduction of Industrial society and large scale production. Sociology and modernity are closely intertwined, but it has also been argued that sociology is actually a product of modernity. During this piece I will examine pre- modern society and discuss some of the reasons why the study of this era is important for sociology. What is Pre- modern Society? The pre-modern era spans from before history and can be separated into two phases, before and after settled agriculture. Before settled agriculture, society lives off the land, hunting and gathering. An example of a hunter- gatherer society that exists today is the Arctic foragers, who occupy the circumpolar region of the earth. Due to the lack of vegetation in this area of the world, most Arctic foragers are forced to live on a diet of meat. Many Arctic people are extremely mobile like the feudal societies of pre- modern times. Pre-modern society: The term pre- modern, covers a number of different societal forms: hunter-gatherer, agrarian, horticultural, pastoral and non-industrial. Pre-modern social forms have now virtually disappeared, although they are still in existence in some of todays societies, therefore pre- modern cannot be defined in terms of historical development. In this respect, pre-modern societies can be characterised by a combination of economic, political and cultural circumstances. In pre-modern society, work was not highly specialised and the number of roles necessary to produce things were relatively small, therefore the division of labour was simple when compared to modern societies. Most of the labour forces engaged in agricultural activity and produced food through subsistence farming. The majority of pre-industrial groups had standards of living not much above survival, meaning that most of the population were focused on producing only enough goods for means of survival. The rise of settled agricultural villages meant the build up of storable produce, which represented a cultural advance for civilisation. With the development of storage, in some rare cases came some social unrest, as what could be stored could also be stolen. It should be noted here that in pre- modern times there was very little deviance, as communities were extremely close knit and everybody knew each other. Pre- Modern society was a time without class distinctions and people shared the same sense of values. In Pre- Modern times, a persons sense of purpose was expressed through a faith. Religious officials held the positions of power within the communities and were the intermediaries to the general masses. The population of pre-modern times saw God as the main entity and those closest to him, for example the religious officials, were seen as the community leaders. Persons in pre- modern society did not see themselves as having an individual identity rather a group identity. Social life in pre-modern society also often had religion at its core. Villages were divided into parishes and the observance of religion took place at a community level. In post modern society, the influence of religion appears to have lessened, although it formed the basis for modern penal laws, which regulate human behaviour like religion did in pre- modern times. Industrialisation and the making of Modern Society: In order to understand why the study of pre- modern times is vital to sociology, it is important to look to the Industrial Revolution, as this was a time of great change for European society, and the crossing over from pre- modern to modern society. Industrialisation is the process whereby social and economic change transforms a pre- industrial society into an industrial one. Industrialisation also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people take a different attitude towards their perception of nature. During the Industrial revolution, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one taken over by industry and the manufacture of machinery. Rapid industrialisation cost many craft workers their jobs and scores of weavers also found themselves unemployed as they could not compete with machinery. Many unemployed workers turned their anger towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These activists became known as Luddites and became extremely popular. The British government took drastic measures against the Luddites using the army to protect the factories. The Industrial Revolution saw the emergence of class, urbanisation and the bad conditions in which people had to live and work in. Marxism essentially began as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. As the Industrial Revolution progressed so did the gap between class structures. According to Karl Marx, industrialisation polarised society into the bourgeoisie, and the much larger proletariat. Ordinary working people found increased opportunity for employment in the mills and factories and in some cases had no choice but to move to the towns and cities in search of work. By the early 1900s up to eighty per cent of the population of Britain lived in urban centres (Kumar, 1978, cited in Bilton et al, p.28). Using the clock to time ones self, as a basis of social organisation, was an indicator of the emergence of a modern society. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries both agricultural and manufacturing labour became set by the clock in a way that was very different to pre-modern production. In pre-modern times factors such as hours of daylight set work rhythms, whereas the factories were regulated by the clock, labour was synchronised and took place for a certain number of hours each day and on particular days of the week. For the factory owners and their employees, time now equalled money. The working conditions were often strict with long working hours and a pace that was set by machinery and production. With the Industrial Revolution came an increase in population. Education was still limited and therefore children were expected to work. Child labour was appealing to employers as it was cheaper than employing an adult yet productivity was similar. The machines did not require strength to operate and there were no experienced adult labourers as the system was completely new. By the eighteenth century there was only around thirty percent of the population who engaged in agricultural activity, this enables us to gain some idea of the nature of modern society and the economic changes that took place as modern society developed. The majority of ordinary people were greatly affected by capitalism and industrial production. By the late 1900s Englands Black Country was one of the most industrialised parts of the United Kingdom and in the 1830s was described in the following way; The earth seems to have turned inside out. The coal. is blazing on the surface by day and by night the country is flowing with fire, and the smoke of the ironworks hangs over it. There is a rumbling and clanking of iron forges and rolling mills. Workmen covered in smut, and with fierce white eyes, are seen moving amongst the glowing iron and dull thud of the forge-hammers. (Jennings,1985 p.165) Conclusion: The transition from pre- modernity into modernity was important for sociology as people began to see that society was something important to study. Some argue that this was when sociology began as the emergence of modern societies created a new intellectual world aware of its surroundings and concerned with acquisition of knowledge. Sociology is concerned with the study of human societies.a society is a cluster, or a system of institutionalised modes of conduct.sociology has as its main focus the study of institutions of the advanced or the industrialised societies and of the conditions of transformation of those institutions. (Giddens 1982) As modernity took form, changes in social attitudes within society occurred making society itself interesting to others. Unlike the static pre- modern society, modern societies appear to have created many different groups, causing new and interesting interactions between people. In the pre- modern era, relationships between people in society were extremely similar and perhaps uneventful and society had been static, therefore sociology was not required.

A Study Of Depression And Relationships Essay -- essays research paper

A Study of Depression and Relationships A primary concern for Psychology research is depression. Depression affects a great deal of our population and many aspects of an individual's mental health and well-being. In my research of books, articles, and Internet pages on depression, I chose to base my paper mainly on a 1994 article of a study of depression, entitled Depression, Working Models of Others, and Relationship Functioning, by Katherine B. Carnelley, Paula R. Pietromonaco, and Kenneth Jaffe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study focuses on the idea that the type of care received in childhood, positive or negative, has a great effect on relationship functioning later in adulthood. But there are two links between child-rearing and relationship functioning: attachment style and depression. Both derive from the type of care received in childhood and affect relationship functioning, and both exert a reciprocal influence on each other in adulthood. The researchers of this study wanted to examine all the correlation's between type of care, attachment style, depression, and relationship functioning. They proposed a three part hypothesis: 1. A less positive childhood would result in an insecure attachment style and depression, 2. Depressives would exhibit a preoccupied or fearful style of attachment, and 3. attachment style would affect relationship functioning more than depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The research was conducted in two independent studies. The first study sampled 204 college women. Women were studied based on the very plausible assumptions that women are more susceptible to depression than men and relationships carry more significance with women than men. The women were screened using the Beck Depression Inventory, a popular method of testing consisting of 21 multiple choice questions to be administered by a clinician. The questions range in scope from feelings of sadness to loss of libido. From these results, a sample of 163 was taken: 73 whose scores indicated mild depression. From this point the researchers administered various inventories to assess the type of childhood care given, romantic attachment styles, and relationship functioning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depression appears to be the independent variable, because the sample was selected based on desired levels of depression. Once the distinction in levels of de... ...s is through hereditary. Almost 40-50 percent of the siblings of manic depressive's children also have a depression disorder. It is sometimes however hard to decipher between a normal teenager's mood swings, or a depression. People need to realize not to discriminate, and know that it is a treatable chemistry imbalance. If one's teenager is acting in a depressive state have them talk to a psychologist, and assure them nothing is wrong with them, and that it can only help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose to do my research on this given that I am manic depressive. I had recently broken up in a relationship, and this research helped to satisfy some curiosities. With this research I realize how much I have been helped, and it helped to explain some of my personality traits. Someone who has manic depression should definitely go in for help, and should realize the risk of not. The research shows that the interaction between relationship functioning, depression, and attachment style are attributable to early childhood. In other words, an individual's experiences in his or her formative years can have lasting psychological effects, up to the most basic social functions in adulthood.